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Most users who use Linux use it because they hate Microsoft; people who use BSD use it because they love Unix

Juraj Sipos

I have been a BSD user since the late 1990’s. I started with FreeBSD 3.0 and I also made my own FreeBSD distro – a tiny floppy disk entitled 1fcdbsd, which boots in any x86 computer and plays MP3 files from a hard disk or CD’s (One Floppy CD Audio and MP3 Player – http://www.freebsd.nfo.sk/). I gained some experience with the BSD world, which rather thrives on the side without people’s knowledge that it is almost the best.

History

To say it metaphorically, the Internet sprung out of BSD. It is not because these systems can handle the biggest traffic as servers, but because the concept of IP addresses and the TCP/IP stack is a BSD invention. If you right click on the file “winsock.dll” in Windows 98 (C:Windowswinsock.dll), you will see “BSD Socket API for Windows” in the Properties > Version window; however, the “BSD” is not seen in newer Windows systems in the “version information” window of winsock.dll. But there is a lot of writing on the Internet about this if you Google both terms: “winsock.dll” AND “bsd”. BSD systems have a different licensing policy and anybody can take their code. BSD license gives more freedom to programmers.

From the above it is clear that Microsoft, too, used or “stole” this code, not only Linux.

BSD grew up in the 1970’s with a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) support. Version 4.3 BSD (1986), 4.3 BSD Tahoe (1988), BSD Net 1 (1989), and so on followed. The history is well described also on BSD sites, such as www.freebsd.org. FreeBSD, for example, started as a project in 1993 shortly after NetBSD; and OpenBSD is a fork of NetBSD, but these all are derived from 386/BSD.

Linux versus BSD

BSD: BSD systems are based upon an actual Unix variant called Berkeley Software Distribution, which has a long history.

Linux: Linux is based upon a clone of Unix (Minix), which was far away in functionality in comparison to the above Unix at its time. Terminologically speaking, Linux is only the kernel.

The “Linux-versus-BSD” discussion is very sensitive for some people – they may get very angry about any direction, either in favor of BSD or Linux. It is not a good idea to compare these systems as the whole, but it’s not a bad idea to compare their “usability” in various aspects, for example, as an “office solution”, “desktop solution”, “multimedia solution”, “server solution”, “firewall solution”, etc.

The widespread use of Linux helped some users switch to BSD for good, as various opinions made the issue of “Linux-versus-BSD” visible to public eyes, which made the BSD world appear more attractive.

If we talk in general, we can say that “BSD is much more stable, as it is a REAL Unix” and that “Linux is a very good desktop toy more adapted to users’ needs, as it has more drivers and apps”.

Other global aspect that makes Linux and BSD systems look different is that BSD OS’s have everything under one hood and control. Linux is murky waters because it is not united. For example, you have a DEB (Debian Linux) package – you will not always install it if you use Mandrake or SuSE. A long list of problems ensuing from discrepancies among Linux distros may be written. Linux users surely remember the effort of UnitedLinux, but now it is devoid of life. In the chaos where one Linux system installs with various services and the other one does not, we see that the Linux community is broken as the whole.

Linux is more developed in terms of its accessibility to various types of hardware like, for example, inkjet printers or WiFi USB solutions. But this is because, as I already said, various companies support it. Linux is good for desktop users who want to forget about Microsoft and BSD systems are best as server/router/firewall solutions. Many good administrators say that Linux behaves much worse as server than BSD systems. Something like Red Hat or SuSE Enterprise Server is rather a joke – these systems cost a lot of money. Every good administrator would only bet on BSD or other Internet solutions today. Slackware Linux is exception – it is one of the best.

There are many reasons why BSD systems are less noticeable. The availability of Live CD’s and their easy-to-use presentation is something in which BSD systems lagged behind. You may download Linux ISO images at the drop of a hat. With BSD systems, this is a bit different. You could hardly find a desired BSD Live CD in the 1990’s. Only a few of them do appear now.

OpenBSD

I tackled the problem of building such a CD myself. I toiled with FreeBSD. I succeeded. Later I focused on OpenBSD, as it has a good reputation concerning its solid security structure. I succeeded too. But this would require additional writing and this article is not about making an OpenBSD Live CD; I only want to introduce this system a little and give advice how to make a simple OpenBSD bootable installation CD/DVD, which is also hard to get.

Usability

BSD systems work well with all kinds of standard hardware; however, some users say they are “less user-friendly”. On the other hand, others consider the so-called “user-friendliness” to be a hindrance in making needed configurations. In other systems, where many services run automatically, it is a bit irritating when administrators, with their own security policies in mind, must turn them off on a regular basis after every installation.

OpenBSD could be, from a Linux user’s point of view, a can of worms. Some may disagree with me, but in the world where all mainstream operating systems bet on easiness-to-use and the graphical interactivity, this is surely the case. This means you must forget about graphical installers – your first touch with the system is the text mode. But the text is the best format some people like.

OpenBSD can run Linux binaries on an emulation layer; DOS (and other systems) programs within the Qemu emulator, as well as FreeBSD and other BSD and Unix binaries. Albeit OpenOffice.org has not been ported yet (do you really need such a big bulk of software when there are more handy solutions?), you can easily write or open your MS Word documents in TextMaker for Linux, or in native OpenBSD AbiWord port.

The system and packages

The BSD family of operating systems consists of the base system and packages. The OpenBSD core – its kernel and the base system (system/network utilities, man pages, etc.) get cautiously, if not paranoically audited for security holes.

The OS has a different packaging philosophy in comparison to Linux. It uses ports and prebuilt packages. Ports are fingerprints of applications on your disk. They contain the basic information where they can be downloaded from. You just “cd” somewhere to the hierarchy of the /usr/share/ports directory, where applications are divided by categories; then type “make install” and wait for sources to be downloaded, compiled, and installed.

Prebuilt packages, too, can be installed with a breeze. Unlike RPM archives, which you must install in the consecutive dependency order, here you have everything on tap. And with the “pkg_add –v ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.0/packages/i386/package.tgz” command you download everything from the Internet even without specifying a package’s version. This is something most Linux packagers cannot do, only APT (Debian) and its clones.

Installation

The policy of the OpenBSD team is to sell CD’s. Unless you are prepared for a difficult network install, you have two options: either you buy their CD’s, or build them yourself. If you choose the latter option, download the core system from these FTP mirrors: www.openbsd.org/ftp.html. Pick out your architecture like AMD
64 or i386 and the version (like 4.0, 3.9, etc.). Place all downloaded files in any directory (for example, in /usr/opbsd) and issue the following command to make the ISO image of it:

mkisofs -b cdrom40.fs -c boot.cat -R -v -o /usr/my_openbsd.iso /usr/opbsd

The above command may be used both in Linux and in BSD systems and possibly in any system to which mkisofs is ported.

When ever in the future you are ready to download a newer version of OpenBSD with purpose to make a bootable CD/DVD of it, just change the “cdrom40.fs” in the above mkisofs command (4.0 is the current version of OpenBSD) to the version it agrees with, for example, “cdrom45.fs” (a future OpenBSD), which is a bootable image as the emulated big floppy. A CD or DVD burned with this ISO file will boot on any PC (not DVD in UDF format, but DVD in ISO format).

The following files contain the basic OpenBSD installation – networking, Unix commands, X Window, man pages; not packages like KDE, Aspell, etc.

OpenBSD 4.0 core system

Packages # you can create this directory and put packages in it

CKSUM, INSTALL.i386 , INSTALL.Linux, MD5, base40.tgz , bsd, bsd.mp, bsd.rd, cd40.iso, cdboot ,cdbr, cdemu40.iso, cdrom40.fs, comp40.tgz, etc40.tgz, floppy40.fs, floppyB40.fs, floppyC40.fs, game40.tgz, index.txt, man40.tgz, misc40.tgz, pxeboot, xbase40.tgz, xetc40.tgz, xfont40.tgz, xserv40.tgz, xshare40.tgz

It is important to say that the ISO file cannot be burned to a CD as an ordinary file like an MP3 file – it can be done this way, however, but you will not be able to boot from such a CD/DVD. If you use Windows, the proper way for burning ISO files is to use the “burn image” command in programs like Nero Burning ROM (or “burn ISO” in other programs). Under FreeBSD, you can burn the ISO image with the burncd command (if your CDROM is the master on the second IDE channel; “-s” is for speed):

burncd -f /dev/acd0 -s 4 data my_openbsd.iso fixate

It would be a good idea to make the bootable OpenBSD DVD with packages included in it – just download them and put them to a directory (for example, to a directory “Packages”) where you have your core OpenBSD installation files; then apply the above mkisofs command.

Installation is quite easy. For newbies it is recommended to use a mobile rack and use some older disk (about 3 GB). This is because installing OpenBSD to an already partitioned disk requires a lot of knowledge and if users do not want to bother about numbers of sectors/cylinders and other things they must type in the text wizard, this solution is very handy.

OpenBSD in action

The system boots fast (much faster than Linux). If you selected the X Window environment during the installation text wizard, you only need to run the “xorgcfg” command from the console to configure your X Window environment.

Did you lose yourself somewhere in the text-mode consoles? Use the F5 key (Ctrl+Alt+F5) to get back to the X Window. Are you a complete newbie? Type “man afterboot”. Are you accustomed to Linux and do you prefer a Linux terminal type? After every logon, OpenBSD asks you to type the terminal type you want to use, but the default one – vt220 – does not map keys like you got accustomed to in Linux if you use programs like Midnight Commander (for example, F7 behaves like F6, etc., but not in X). After typing “nxterm” everything should work OK.

A manual text-mode configuration is the absolute preference here. Almost all services are turned off – a first choice for every good administrator, as he will have ultimate control over the whole system. Users, too, may familiarize themselves with Unix and see what is going on under its hood. To run the X Window, just execute the “startx” command. If you want to edit or re-edit the configuration files, peep into the /etc directory with vi as your editor. Do you want to add more packages? Just download them and issue “pkg_add -i package.tgz” command and that’s it!

OpenBSD 4.0 is geared up for most of the network or desktop tasks. After I downloaded some fine MP3 players, I could instantly listen to music. The X Window’s look does not differ from any Unix-like box. VLC or MPlayer multimedia players will help you enjoy all your favorite music or film recordings.

If you have euphoria from seeing the KDE or Gnome Desktop and other apps running smoothly, you may soon become disappointed – OpenBSD has fewer packages than FreeBSD or Linux. For example, running VMware on FreeBSD has been possible for quite a long time; OpenBSD (but not OpenBSD in the VMware environment) requires some smart tweaks to achieve this.

New technologies and automation can also impose a risk

Numerous companies want to earn the highest profit and they introduce various technologies that serve as a marketing competition strategy for most of the time and are often useless. A bluetooth or WiFi technology in your mobile phone brings a security risk when any good hacker can get to your most sensitive data within seconds right from your neighborhood. Most users do not have time to study various security datasheets and they often live happy without knowing they are unprotected. I do not want to say that newer technologies are always nonsensical; however, they deserve pertinent praise only if used on the right place.

If a reader understands this, the mainstream world’s policy is to create the Matrix or a big web of dependencies – if hardware can run in Linux, users use Linux (and possibly buy Red Hat or Xandros).

Numerous “terrific” companies that sell their “amazing security products” forget that using carrier pigeons for communication is by far a more secure solution than any computer communication – an encrypted e-mail, if you are already under suspicion, will always get intercepted, and governments have always enough resources and money to do their job well.

Why BSD or OpenBSD?

Today, when too many companies bring out various distros, it is hard to tell which of them best suits our needs and you may become mixed-up in such a huge list. If companies invest money to a software solution, they may become disappointed if its licensing policy changes. OpenBSD has one sturdy feature above everything – the system and packages are perfectly audited for security holes.

The power of a good policy will make you feel somewhat sheltered from the bad behavior of the world, because you do not have to worry that network services, for example, contain security holes. Something like this often happens with Linux – its websites urge users to download important patches soon after distros are released. With this particular security point OpenBSD as a BSD system stands aside from the usual crowd.

Source: http://www.freebsd.nfo.sk/

Damn Small Linux can be an ideal platform for supporting a wide range of programming languages. You can even program directly from the command line via a programming shell such as Bash. Major programming languages used in this environment include C, C++, and Java. If you are developing for the Internet you may want to use PHP, a web programming language and MySQL, a language for database system development. All these programming languages are also available in the Windows environment. So the question arises, why would you want to program under Linux rather than under Windows?

Many web developers and Internet service providers feel that Linux provides a more stable web site environment than does Windows. The most widely used web server, Apache, is available under both these operating systems but its new features, security enhancements, and bug fixes always are made available first on the Open Source (LAMP) version. And then they filter down to the Windows version. At the time of this writing the Windows version of Apache has problems with its cryptographic functions.

While programming languages are essentially the same across these two operating systems, their libraries are quite different. Basically, when you write complicated programs you want to make use of as much prewritten software as possible to reduce your programming and debugging effort. One example is handling the graphical user interface. As programmers often say, why reinvent the wheel? Linux provides a wider choice of libraries and graphical user interface toolkits.

When you program in Linux it is often fairly easy to port your programs to the Windows environment. Unfortunately, the inverse is rarely true. Of course as Linux systems become more popular, you will find more and more Windows-based programming systems that enable you to convert your programs to run under Linux. To do so makes clear economic sense.

Program conversion tools may be fairly difficult to develop. For example, executing programs must access the actual computer hardware. As you may imagine Linux and Windows programs access hardware quite differently. The modules that manage hardware access are called drivers. Linux drivers tend to be of higher quality than Windows drivers.

These two operating systems differ substantially in the way they manage programs during their execution. In other articles we discussed Linux’s increased security compared to Windows. We conclude this article by repeating a point that we have often made; you can run Damn Small Linux and its associated applications on very reduced hardware. You can do Linux, PHP, and MySQL development on old computers, ones that may have seemed ready for the garbage heap. In contrast many Windows competitors such as SQL Server Developer Edition require substantially more powerful computers, the kind of computers that people purchase for one or a few thousand dollars. When your programs will be used by dozens of people simultaneously, you will need powerful hardware. Don’t forget the operating system; can you guess which one we recommend? Our next subject is the graphical user interface.

An introduction:

First of all we have to introduce in world wide hosting services provider – Hosting24hour.com is a leading web hosting services provider in the world. We offer all kinds of affordable quality Linux hosting services in our network to grow your business and web site hosting solutions. Before choosing reliable web hosting solutions for your company web site, you have taken a look at some points and not to confuse you about hosting services.

The web pages are designed with various software platforms. This can be done using the Windows or Linux platforms, too. How can a web page, developed with the UNIX or Linux operating system platforms as UNIX / Linux based hosting. There is no great difference between these two, and we can say that Linux web hosting is an updated version of the Linux / UNIX systems.

Choosing a web hosting solutions, there is an important decision. So important that it is quite surprising, this is often overlooked or disregarded. There are two main operating systems are Linux and Windows. Now we will discuss about advantages and disadvantages of both operating systems.

Which is better Windows or Linux Web Hosting?

On the Internet there is an enormous amount of argument over which operating system is best for web hosting solutions. The web hosting servers run the web site and the server software all run on a computer program known as the operating system. If you use a personal computer chances are that you are using Windows ME, XP, NT or some other similar computer program. This is your computer’s operating system. With web hosting servers they also need an operating system, and there are essentially two different competing versions. If you want more about these hosting system and better information about web hosting solutions visit at Hosting24hour.com

Windows Hosting:

All of the first Windows; Microsoft makes an operating system mainly for servers. This operating system allows for a true integration with Microsoft products and also allows web sites to Active Server Pages. Microsoft server also allows integration with its SQL database, which is a powerful database. The downside of Microsoft’s server software is that it costs several thousand dollars for each server. Possible options include Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server and Server 2003. Additional software will be extra costs such as: firewall, remote admin programs, ASP Encrypt, ASP Mail, and many other applications needed to make your server ready for production.

Windows hosting should be used if your site is using Microsoft features. If you plan to have a website that uses databases, you will also want to use Microsoft hosting. Web sites where you can interact with your visitors or customers used Windows hosting. Visitors can easily access database and implement online chat services and so many other interactive features.

With Windows hosting, web sites can use e-commerce functions. If someone has little or no experience webmaster, they should consider Windows hosting. Linux hosting services can be a little harder to manage for someone who does not have much experience but good one in web hosting solutions. Sites that are created on the Windows servers can be difficult to convert, so that they can easily be used on a Linux server. This may be something that you want, when planning your web site or the choice between Windows and Linux hosting.

Linux hosting:

The next version of web hosting solutions is the Linux hosting services is actually a common name with quality website hosting services for a variety of operating systems. Linux was developed by a community of people who come together to jointly write, for the most part of Linux. After this largely developed and refined, other parts are in the program in order to end what the end consumer wants.

Although the Windows hosting platforms are generally reliable, but Linux hosting services have a good reputation in particular for the provision of both stable and reliable web hosting solutions. Customers with sites on a Linux hosting server can be sure that their sites are safe. Linux hosting solutions are usually also very efficient and reliable. However, Linux web hosting becomes a top reputation for able, stable, secure and reliable hosting services. If your site is like a brochure, which is online, you may want to use Linux website hosting services for your company web site. The stability of Linux comes with quality website hosting such a website is very good. Linux hosting is also compatible with e-commerce functions for small business web hosting. Select a best affordable Linux hosting solution for your business at: Hosting24hour.com.

A large number of web hosting companies market Linux hosting solutions and you might have heard of a few: Red Hat, Debian, Slack ware, etc. Linux web hosting is good that it is compatible with the popular web programming language PHP. It is also favored by some best web hosting providers in that it generally has a good safety record and is usually on average to a stable operating system.

Linux software is usually free or inexpensive; APF firewall, Apache, Send mail, BIND and much more. We recommend that you use a virus scanner such as Clam-or F-Prot and Mail Scanner. Linux servers are difficult to manage, in comparison to Windows but provide quality website hosting for your business needs. Everything is done by remote shell access (such as Dos, remember Dos!). There is no right interfaces or buttons to click on – just a huge amount of commands. Although all this console power, you have much more control over your actual server compared to Windows.

Linux Hosting Services Features:

- PHP and MySQL support

- Apache Web Server

- Mod Rewrite Support

- Chmod file permissions

Yes, what is the best? Now it depends on your business or website need. If you want the tightest security you can then Linux hosting solutions are probably for you. But it is very technical to install, and you are not many extras. What about compatibility with PHP? You can see it is much effective as your operating system is the best, but which operating system is best for what I do.

Allows easy if you need to develop your site in ASP then you can use any one web hosting company. If you develop in PHP then definitely go with best Linux hosting Provider Company like Hosting24hour. They provide cheap Linux hosting, domain hosting services, powerful reseller web hosting plans and several shared web hosting packages.

Shared Hosting:

Shared hosting, web or shared hosting as is known, in some cases, than the most basic form of web hosting, as the most common Linux web hosting plans come with very basic resources and the server itself, they are among many different shared hosting accounts. Our shared web hosting solutions allows you to easily start in the Linux web hosting world, since most shared web hosting packages with some affordable web hosting services and the most common web hosting accounts are the cheapest form of web hosting to at the present time.

Shared hosting can be used for the hosting of websites basic research, not much traffic, as you will notice that you do not have much space or bandwidth, the basic common web hosting plans, shared web hosting packages can also as a development environment where you can test all the new sites or applications that you have before them in the use of a live and active web hosting environment.

Shared web hosting accounts are hosted in the normally high specification servers because of the nature of the common web hosting, the server hosting shared web hosting account easy targets for hackers and other malicious attackers. Although common web hosting servers are now safer than they are used, it is not a hacker much trouble to a shared hosting server that has weak security measures in place. How
ever, the performance of a server during a malicious attack also depends on the server load at the time, which means that if one server was to attack if they have a high burden, it would still likely crash.

Web hosting:

Web hosting account also use other services in most cases so that you the complete web hosting experience, for example, you can access your shared web hosting account with a control panel or via FTP protocol.

Web hosting account in the form of backup web hosting hosted usually in highly reliable web hosting server with several disks in RAID configuration to ensure that no data is lost when one of the server’s hard disk fails or Encounters an error. Web hosting space accounts in the form of hosting hosted in the normally high specification servers, though the software may be used, because different web hosting needs to be as easy to manage for both the web hosting provider and web hosting services, as well as for those customers who rent a web hosting provider of web space. A high specification for use with web hosting space can also ensure that customers with a respectable amount of uptime.

Virtual hosting:

Virtual hosting is usually in the form of Virtual Private Hosting Server, which is widely regarded as fill for the large price gap between web hosting reseller for those who need to host several websites and dedicated hosting server. Although, as shared and Linux reseller hosting accounts you have the physical web hosting node with other VPS hosting servers, you have access to your own dedicated reseller hosting environment with your own resources guarantees which means that you are usually allowed to install any program you want on a VPS hosting servers. Virtual Private web hosting servers are the best web hosting solution for you if you want to start your own web hosting company, or seek to host the websites you for your web design clients, this is because If you want to install your own server-side components, or if you want to install your own software, then this can easily do without impact on other web users.

For standard virtual Linux website hosting account, you will notice that your web hosting provider gave you access to the control panel for Linux virtual hosting services. The control panel with affordable web hosting services to be taken into account, because they allow web hosting providers company to manage their Linux web hosting services with ease, and even the web hosting customers to manage their cheapest web hosting plan with ease.